A game I like and I never see mentioned anywhere is Out of Space it’s similar to Overcooked except a lot less chaotic.

Downvoted as per the thread rules, but strong recommendation, and this reminds me I haven’t finished it.

Since light cannot pass through a black hole does that mean light has mass?

No, it doesn’t. Light is a wave. What is the weight of a musical note?

Also why does light form a singularity in a black hole?

It doesn’t, the singularity is the name by which the actual mass of the black hole is known by. In short singularity is the mass in the middle, black hole is the phenomenon caused by that mass, but they’re mostly the same thing.

Is that like a fixed point on a map or something?

Sorta, think of a black hole like a drain emptying a huge pool, you can feel it sucking the water the closer you are to it. The singularity is the drain, but from the outside you can feel the water being pulled from much farther away, and that’s the black hole.

And can you travel to that fixed point after the black hole has its way with it?

What point? The singularity? No. That is the black hole, it’s like asking whether you can travel to the sun after the star had its way with it, you’re using two words that mean the same as if they were different things.

And if the velocity of a black hole is so intense that it exceeds the speed of light, then would that mean we have a new speed to consider?

Black holes don’t have any velocity, they just are. Think on the drain example I gave, the drain is not moving, but the water around it is.

If so can you explain what speed is that is faster than light?

No speed is faster than light. Again, light is a wave, not a physical object, imagine the drain again, you’re making ripples in the water, and you see that those ripples get near the drain and are “pulled down”, you might conclude that the ripples are attracted to the hole, but in reality it’s just that the medium they’re moving on (water) is being pulled into it and so ripples on that medium get dragged along.

Cool, that looks like a beefy system for that price, glad to see options, but:

• It doesn’t list sizes, mini ITX is usually significantly larger than the Steam Machine.
• Are they shipping it with SteamOS and will they support it? The page seems to imply it’s coming bare and pointing you to a tutorial on how to install it yourself and marking that as a positive.
• Will it have CEC? I see no mention of it anywhere.
• Will it support low power standby and fast resume? Especially during games? I know that’s mostly a software thing, but are they making sure it’s supported here?
• Can it be woken from that state with a controller?
• Does it have an internal steam controller antenna?
• Or a wifi one?
• Or a Bluetooth one?

Looks like a good build considering current pricing, but realistically it’s missing a bunch of the core features of the Steam Machine that seems to fly over people’s heads

I would have to go with either the Steam Deck or the Oculus Quest. But realistically I’ve spent orders of magnitude more time on the Steam Deck so I’ll go with that. But both were revolutionary in a way that no other console approached. Sure, the PS2 was great, but it was just a PlayStation with better graphics, and the PlayStation was AMAZING, but in my mind it was a Nintendo with better graphics.

I think that the position and state of every single electron is mostly irrelevant. My alternating greeting can be made with a paper having one side written each greeting and flipping it every time, you also don’t need to know the state of every subatomic particle there, even though there is a possibility that every single electron in that piece of paper suddenly moves away and the vacuum in electrical charge causes a rush of electricity that vaporizes the whole room… Yeah it’s possible, but you’re a dumbass if you think that possibility is worth calculating.

The same is true for a computer, and again you’re mixing up “I can’t possibly know that” with “it’s unknowable”. Knowing the electrical charge at each position of the computer is knowable, knowing the electrical charge at each position of a brain is also knowable, but while knowing that information on a computer allows you to predict its outcome, the same is not true for a brain.

The uncertainty principle does NOT apply to LLMs and absolutely, unquestionably does NOT apply to my alternating algorithm. You need to understand the difference between “I don’t know” and “It’s unknowable”.

That’s a very Newtonian way to look at the world. Even IF that was correct (which is not because of the uncertainty principle), if you go down that road you will get to the conclusion that everything is intelligent even a simple program that chooses an alternate greeting between Hello and Hi can be considered intelligent by that standard.

Don’t get fooled by clever tricks from developers, LLMs are a mathematical function, where it gets the chain of numbers you give it and returns a new chain of numbers. LLMs are 100% predeterministic, programmers purposefully make them choose a random response within a degree of tolerance instead of picking the correct answer.

I saw you making this claim on another comment, this is COMPLETELY different from how humans/animals/plants think. LLMs are incapable of thought, incapable of learning, and incapable of understanding, that’s why they fail dumb tests like “how many Rs in strawberry”, they’re just average machines.

They’re not useless, they’re not intelligent, they’re a tool, you don’t think your calculator is intelligent because it can do math you can’t, and shouldn’t think an LLM is intelligent because it can aggregate texts that you can’t.

All that being said, you’re correct that LLMs do pass the Turing test, but that doesn’t mean what you think it does, it just means they’re very good at pretending to.

Well, first of all it’s not that much more expensive than building a system yourself, I think in GN’s video they calculated about a $70 difference from similarly spec custom build, so you’re paying $70 for:

• Smaller form factor
• CEC
• Console experience (without losing system access)
• Idle mode with almost no power consumption and fast wake
• Resume/suspend functionality like on the Deck
• Quieter system

And the downsides are:

• Slightly worse performance
• Less upgradability

At the end of the day it’s a personal choice, I won’t be buying one at that price since my desktop has already become a console like system. But if I didn’t have one I think it’s a fair value considering how much parts are now, and the features it provides vs a custom made are worth it for me.

I’m not saying its not possible, I am disagreeing that his is a valid point as an argument for “the distro does not matter” statement.

But when the question is between Ubuntu and Kubuntu you can “convert” between them very easily. Not to mention that the fundamental difference between all Debian based distros is the version of the packages they offer, so you can very easily jump between them expecting most things to be the same.

These are not the only reasons, but good reasons WHY the distribution matters. BTW I also think that some distributions are technically superior for certain use cases. In example CachyOS is more up to date, has optimizations even on Kernel level, compared to an old Debian distribution that is focused on stability. These are technical differences that matter, for whatever you want to achieve. It’s not just a personal taste.

Yes, that matters for you, it doesn’t matter for someone who just wants something to use. That contributes to the decision paralysis of switching to Linux, when we say distro doesn’t matter we’re trying to remove that hurdle, because for the average guy that will just use his computer the difference between Debian and CachyOS is the name. Someone without experience in Linux doesn’t understand what stability means, they think it means the system won’t crash so they always try to use stable distros and get frustrated because they’re out of date, or alternatively they think they want bleeding edge until it cuts them. And that’s the crux of the issue, when we make a distro choice, it matters because we understand the differences, when a new user is trying to pick their first distro they’re essentially throwing a dice, it doesn’t matter where it lands, it matters how they feel about it.

It’s hard for us to put ourselves back in the shoes of someone just getting started,

They are thetorical questions

But they’re not, they might be to you or me, but for someone without Linux knowledge they’re very real questions. I have answered some form of some of those from people in the past.

If they don’t understand the differences, then they SHOULD research and debate until they do.

Oh really? Would you mind telling me what’s the difference between Pop, Ubuntu and Mint in a way that would matter for someone who doesn’t understand anything about Linux?

Choosing a random distribution and hopping until they understand is not only waste of time and resources, it will teach them wrong lessons this way.

Having to research what to use before understanding the difference will teach them nothing and make them give up before starting.

I for myself researched for months before I landed on Ubuntu in 2008 as the default, to replace Windows XP. Then I kept using it for… I think 15 years straight or so (forgot the exact numbers).

Yeah, but 2008 was a very different playing field than it is today. 2008 we were almost unanimously recommending Ubuntu or Mint, every forum you asked, every thread you found online it would have been essentially the same recommendation. It’s easy to make the decision then. Today if you open 4 different articles from 4 different sites you will likely get at least 4 different answers to which distro you should choose. And theyake it seem like it’s this big important decision that you have to get right the first time around, that’s the mentality we’re trying to fight.

I don’t like the analogy of “clothes” or someone else with “colors”. Distributions are extremely complex and there is way more work and knowledge involved, they have way more impact and dependencies.

An expert in clothes might tell you the same about them, and that’s what you’re missing, you are an expert, to you the difference between Mint and Pop is concrete and mensurable, to someone who doesn’t understand what I package manager is it’s just vague words without any meaning.

And to your point if someone asks me “do clothes matter?” i will say “off course”. Not just to contradict you, but because I think clothes do matter depending on how they fit to me, to the situation I am and how nice it feels, how it looks and so on. Even on practical side, if it rains or if I want to swim. While I don’t like this clothes analogy, I still wanted answer that question you assumed I would say “no”.

Cool, now explain to an alien who walks around naked why this jean and t-shirt is different from that jeans and t-shirt.

Just because it does not matter for most, does not mean that it does not matter at all.

And if the alien above asked you what clothes to wear to go to the supermarket, you would just say “any jeans and t-shirt would do”, only to have dozen of other people telling him “use this shirt and this pants”, “No, that’s a bad color combination for your eye color, use this one instead”, “No, that show is hard to lace, use this outfit instead”, “You’re not really dressed unless you wear a custom tailor suit”, etc, etc…

They don’t know it does not matter.

Precisely why we tell them it doesn’t.

I think there are choices better suited to them, even if they don’t know and say it does not matter - it does, they just don’t know it yet.

Yes, exactly, but they won’t know until they understand, and you won’t know until they understand, and they won’t understand until they do, and no amount of reading will make them understand. The initial choice between 5 different “noob” friendly distros doesn’t matter, the understanding you get from that will guide your next step, trying to take the next step before knowing where you’re standing is a recipe for disaster

I see often people say that the distro you are using doesn’t matter.

For certain things it doesn’t. Usually this is brought up in the context of someone wanting to choose between 5 possible valid alternatives to start using Linux, and the advice is “it doesn’t matter, just pick whichever and when something annoys you you might understand the difference”

One can turn any distro into another. And I do not agree with that.

You can disagree all you want, it’s 100% possible, stupid, but possible.

If that was true, why do we even have so many distributions?

Because philosophy matters. You don’t pick a distro because it’s technically superior or because it has features others don’t have (with some exceptions like NixOS). You pick a distro because it’s philosophy speaks to you, be it “I aim to be user friendly” or “I aim to follow KISS”. This is why for the most part distro doesn’t matter for newcomers, because they’re looking at 5 examples of “I aim to be user friendly and…” distros.

• … why distro hop?

Because I want to try something different and see how I feel about it.

• … why don’t you use Ubuntu then?

I did, for a long time, then I decided that building my system up was easier than tearing it down. If I was using Plasma or Gnome I wouldn’t have switched probably.

• … why don’t you recommend Archlinux to a newcomer?

Because Arch philosophy is KISS, meaning you have to build everything from the ground up and you’re expected to understand the steps and read the manual. This is why I believe distros like Manjaro or CachyOS cause issues, they remove the initial hurdle of Arch but don’t change the core philosophy, making them ticking time bombs for people who don’t know their way around Linux.

• … why don’t you use Kali Linux as a server?

You do you, my servers don’t usually need all of the extra tools a distro with the philosophy of “I’m a pen tester tool” has.

• … why don’t you use Batocera or SteamOS as your daily driver?

Because usually I want my daily driver to do computer stuff, and those distros philosophy is “I’m a gaming console”

• … why do you trust a community distro more than a corporate distro? (or vice versa)

I don’t trust either more inherently than the other, I trust distros that have a track history of good behavior.

I don’t think that distros only matter to newcomers. Maybe it matters for experienced users even more.

Distros matter, they tell a lot about what you’re trying to accomplish. But most newcomers are debating for days whether they should use Ubuntu, Pop, Mint, Fedora or CachyOS, and realistically they’re unlikely to even understand the difference between those. Think on distros like clothes, if you’re just going to the market it doesn’t matter what clothes you wear, if you’re going to a job interview it matters, and if you’re going to do something very specific like swimming some clothes are simply better than others. But if someone asks you “do clothes matter?” You will probably reply no, because for most stuff you do as long as you’re not wearing clothes with holes in them you’re fine, but you can tell a lot about people by the clothes they decide to wear. It’s a similar thing for distros, for most stuff it doesn’t matter, for certain things it’s important for others it gives some information and for some specific cases it makes a huge difference, but for the most part it’s a personal choice.

Except it is, if you have the machine readable fields you can export the ones you’re interested in into a human readable document. Instead you have what the candidate thinks you want to read, which is essentially all of the information you had on the other fields.

Glad you solved it yourself, but I’m still struggling to understand what happened, how did you have them all in a single folder if the filename for docker compose has to be one of a few predetermined things? I mean, you could have them all in a single file, which makes some things easier, but then you wouldn’t have been able to move them into individual folders. Would you mind explaining what happened there so that if someone else in the future has the same issue they might find the solution here?

Also, note that even if someone had given you an example of a working docker file you would still have to configure the service. For future reference, this site is great and has working examples of docker compose files for a lot of services, e.g. https://hub.docker.com/r/linuxserver/radarr

Finally, welcome to the club, sorry you had a bad experience the first time, it’s hard for us to know what’s obvious and what isn’t: https://xkcd.com/2501/

HTTP sends data in plain text, without any sort of verification. If you’re a malicious actor it’s a dream.

While you need to understand a little bit of cryptography to fully understand it we can simplify a lot of you just accept public/private keys work. If you want to learn more about it you can read the wiki, but for the time being just accept that there’s a way to generate a pair of keys, a public one you share with the world, and a private one only you know, and that with these it’s possible for people to use the public key to send messages that only you can read, and for you to use the private keys to sign messages in a way that anyone can verify it’s you using the public key.

So, HTTP is just a protocol to send text over the network, anyone can grab a package and read it. To make it secure there are some specific sites that contain a list of sites and their public keys. Your browser has an internal list of these sites. When you try to access, for example Google, your browser contacts one of these sites, and asks for Google’s public key, when it gets it it encrypts the message leaving only the header (which says this message is for Google) unencrypted and sends it. For everyone in the middle of the road they see a message for Google containing garbage, but when Google gets it they use their private keys to read it. Then whatever they reply they can sign it so that you can use the key to verify it came from them.

With that in mind you might have noticed that what the server sends you back is plain text and publicly viewable. Therefore, every time you connect to a website there needs to be a handshake procedure, in short you send a message to the site (encrypted with his public key) telling it to reply to you using a public key you send them, now besides signing the message they also encrypt it using the key you gave them. And voila, no one can know what you said to the server because you encrypted it with its public key, and no one can know what the server told you because it encrypted it with your public key.

This is a simplification of the protocol, but that’s the core idea on how it works. You also might have noticed that everyone can see who you’re talking too, and that there’s no way around that since your message has to reach the server other computers HAVE to know where to send it to. But, if you have access to another computer to use as a Hub, you can send messages to that computer encrypted with its public key where the content is an encrypted message to the site you’re actually trying to access, so no one knows where they go afterwards, and it can then send it to the site you’re trying to access. When it gets the response it can then encrypt it to send to you.

That doesn’t really work if you’re the only one accessing that middle computer, but if lots of people do then it’s impossible to know what message is for who, because from the outside you see a bunch of messages directed to that computer, and a lot of messages from that computer to different sites. Some companies offer this service, its called Virtual Private Network, or VPN for short. Another reason why VPNs are important is that you have the public key on your system, so there’s less surface of attack.

Let’s get into very basic things.

You have two computers you want to connect, you grab a cable, plug it in both and voila!

You now need to connect a third computer, you could have a three way cable, but that makes it hard to replace things. Instead you have a box that has multiple connectors and internally it just connects all of them, essentially making a multi-end cable ok demand, this is what’s called a Hub because it’s just a centralized location where every package goes in/out.

But now your machines need to know how to send messages to one or another, so you implement a protocol where each machine has a number, and every message sent you encapsulate in a header saying something like “For X”, and computers know their own number so they can discard messages that are not for them.

Cool, but as you add more computers and longer cables the signal might become weak, you could add a very small chip to that box and some electricity so it can now act as a repeater. Most hubs were also repeaters, it was a small extra cost but a lot of extra functionality so it was an easy choice.

As you add more computers you start to have an issue, whenever two computers send a message at the same time they collide and no one receives it. Now, this is silly, you have computer 1 sending a message to computer 2 and computer 3 sending a message to computer 4, there’s no reason these should collide, but because of the Hub they do (because both messages are actually sent to all computers and they just discard what’s not for them).

It’s time to make your box a bit smarter. Instead of naively sending all messages everywhere, you add a computer there, it can understand the protocol we described before, and instead of just being a blind signal repeater. This box now knows which port each computer is plugged in, and so when 1 sends a message to 2 the signal only goes from the port 1 to the port 2, all other ports are free and can send messages at the same time. This is what’s called a Switch, because it switches what output the message goes to.

Cool, but now we have two separate networks, which means there are two Computer 1. You can’t just put one cable between the two switches because they won’t know where computer 1 is. Each switch needs to have it’s own number, and you need to wrap the message twice, e.g. Computer 1 connected to switch 1 wants to send a message to computer 2 connected to switch 2. Switch 2 is connected on port 5 to switch 1, so you wrap your message with something like “For 5, For 2”. The first switch sends to 5, the second switch receives it, notices it’s for himself, discards the first wrapper, and sends to 2.

Magic, right? Well, not quite, you need to know where computer 2 is located, and know all of the path to it. That’s not feasible for users to manage. What if we gave each computer a unique number across networks? It would be a sort of an Inter-Network Protocol address, or an Internet Protocol address for short, or even shorter IP. So now each computer has a unique number, and computer one can just send a message to computer 10 and not have to worry where it is.

But how does the message actually get to computer 10? Well, it’s time to add some extra logic to our Switch, and have it store a table of routes, so it knows that computer 10 is on port 5. Because they now not only know what’s on their ports but what route a package needs to take to reach its destination between networks this device is called a Router.

And there you go. A short introduction to network to explain what a router is and how it works. Obviously I simplified a lot of stuff and the real thing is a lot more complex, but this should give you a good ELI5 version of routers and networking.

One thing that helped shift my perspective was to use it for its intended purpose. I have it enabled on my code editor to use for auto-complete instead of traditional code parser or snippet library, it’s honestly very good at that, it still makes a few mistakes and suggests shitty code, but overall I think it mostly works and it’s easier to hit tab and have the full for loop or small function written and correct the variable access it got wrong when it does.

Another thing that has made it very useful to me was in situations where I need to write code using libraries or languages I’m not used to. Having a copilot or Claude tab opened and asking it how to do certain stuff is a lot faster than reading the documentation to figure out the API or syntax. If something doesn’t work you feed it the error and it usually spots the problem. This has made me a lot more productive with for example Jenkins, since it’s a different language from what I use for everything else, and to properly test it you have to commit the code and let the pipeline run, before LLMs this was a very tedious work of reading docs, stack overflow, extrapolating responses, etc. Now it’s still tedious work, but at least I have my first draft much quicker and can then deal with the hallucinations or obsolete APIs it told me to use.

While technically possible it’s far more likely you were using ICQ or IRC back in the 90s. I had MSN when it launched in 99 and no one else was using it.

Pros

I get to own my system. I get to do what I want, if something is not to my liking there’s likely a way to make it work like how I want.

Cons

I have to own my system. If something breaks I have to fix it, if something doesn’t work I need to figure it out.

and what if any do you miss from windows?

Expect things to work. Linux is a minority of users, any manufacturer or dev HAS to make their products work for Windows, so much so that Windows users don’t even consider the possibility that something is not made for Windows.

It could be Linux exclusive, which for most people outside of the Linux bubble is what PC means. That being said I doubt Valve would do that.